Introduction
Ghana’s energy sector, particularly its power sector, has undergone significant development and structural changes over recent decades. The sector is characterized by a combination of traditional hydroelectric power and thermal (fossil fuel-based) generation, with increasing attention to renewable energy integration to meet growing demand and sustainability goals.
Thermal generation continues to dominate the power sector, with about 3,445 MW of dependable capacity, representing 70% of total dependable capacity as of 2025. Approximately 80% of this 3,445 MW of dependable capacity is dual-fueled, with natural gas as the primary fuel and liquid fuels—including Gasoil, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), and Light Crude Oil (LCO)—as the secondary fuel.
Liquid fuels provide strategic backup for generation when gas supply falls short due to planned or unplanned maintenance of gas facilities. However, liquid fuels are comparatively more expensive than natural gas, and higher consumption exposes the power sector to financial strain. In this regard, the Center for Environmental Management and Sustainable Energy (CEMSE) assessed the utilization patterns of liquid fuels from 2021 to 2025 and estimated the costs of HFO and Gasoil during this period.
Methodology
Ghana primarily uses three types of liquid fuels: LCO, HFO, and Gasoil. The Center sourced data on HFO and Gasoil from the National Petroleum Authority (NPA) for the period 2021–2025. The data from NPA were utilization figures based on liters and metric tonnes.
The estimated cost per metric tonne of HFO and Diesel Fuel Oil (DFO) was based on GRIDCO’s fuel supply projections for the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) pigging period from January to February 2025. Crude oil data were sourced from the Bank of Ghana for 2024–2025.
Thermal plants that used LCO during the period include AKSA Energy, Cenpower, and Asogli, as indicated by the Bank of Ghana.
Results
Heavy Fuel Oil consumption in the power sector peaked in 2025 at approximately 134 million liters (133,237 MT), following 90 million liters (89,325 MT) in 2021. No HFO was used in 2022. Between 2024 (12,736 MT) and 2025, there was an increase of 120,537 MT, representing a 947% surge in HFO utilization for power generation.
Figure 1: Heavy Fuel Oil for Power Sector (2021–2025)
Source: CEMSE Construct from National Petroleum Authority Data
Based on GRIDCO’s fuel requirement projections during the WAGP offshore pigging and cost per metric tonne, the estimated cost of HFO in 2025 was US$605/MT. With total HFO consumption of 133,237 MT, the total cost for the power sector in 2025 was US$80,608,385.
Table 1: Estimated Cost of HFO Consumed in 2025
| Heavy Fuel Oil | Quantity (MT) | Cost (US$) | Total Cost (US$) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Projected (GRIDCO) | 19,800 | 605.05 | 11,980,000 |
| Actual | 133,237 | 605.05 | 80,608,385 |
Source: CEMSE Construct from GRIDCO and NPA Data, 2025
The 575% increase in HFO costs in 2025 indicates that beyond the pigging period in Q1 2025, additional HFO was used to operate thermal plants throughout the remaining three quarters of the year.
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The years 2021 and 2022 recorded zero Gasoil use in the power sector. Gasoil usage began in 2023 at approximately 263 thousand liters (222 MT), surging to about 8 million liters (7,121 MT) in 2024—a 3,107% increase. Utilization peaked in 2025 at around 24 million liters (20,246 MT), representing a 184% increase from 2024.
Figure 2: Gasoil Consumption for Power Sector (2021–2025)
Source: CEMSE Construct from National Petroleum Authority Data
GRIDCO projected a DFO requirement of 16,800 MT at a cost of US$26.88 million for the WAGP offshore pigging, implying a unit cost of US$1,600/MT. Actual DFO consumption of 20,246 MT in 2025 resulted in a total cost of US$32.39 million, reflecting a 21% increase over projections.
Table 2: Estimated Cost of Diesel Fuel Oil in 2025
| Diesel Fuel Oil | Quantity (MT) | Cost per MT (US$) | Total Cost (US$) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Projected | 16,800 | 1,600 | 26,880,000 |
| Actual | 22,246 | 1,600 | 32,393,600 |
Source: CEMSE Construct from GRIDCO and NPA Data, 2025
According to the Bank of Ghana’s quarterly bulletin (4Q25), US$36.57 million was spent on LCO imports for the power sector in 2024. In 2025, this increased by approximately 210% to US$116.8 million, exceeding GRIDCO’s projection of US$50.94 million. All LCO imported in 2024 and 2025 was allocated to Cenpower, Asogli, and AKSA power plants.
Figure 3: Cost of Crude Oil Imported for Power Sector (2024–2025)
Source: CEMSE Construct from Bank of Ghana Data
Conclusion
The analysis reveals a concerning trend in Ghana’s power sector, highlighting a growing reliance on expensive liquid fuels (HFO, DFO, LCO) between 2021 and 2025. Despite GRIDCO’s projections, actual consumption surged significantly.
- HFO costs increased by 575%, exceeding projections by US$68.6 million.
- DFO costs rose by 21%, exceeding projections by US$5.5 million.
- LCO costs exceeded projections by US$65.95 million, representing a 129% increase in utilization in 2025.
The total cost of HFO, DFO, and LCO for 2025 is estimated at US$229 million, implying an average monthly expenditure of US$19.16 million on liquid fuels. The increasing reliance on liquid fuels is largely due to shortfalls in natural gas supply. Addressing the gas supply deficit would reduce sector debts and improve fiscal sustainability, as liquid fuels are not fully captured in the tariff regime, forcing the government to rely on petroleum levies for procurement.
These findings underscore the urgent need for diversified power generation and stricter fuel procurement discipline to prevent further financial distress in Ghana’s power sector.


